Oxford Applied Research

1) Компьютерная техника: Original Aspect Ratio

2) Американизм: Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research

3) Военный термин: Of A Revolution, Office of Analysis and Review, Operation Air Raid, Organized Air Reserve, operations analysis report, ordnance allowance report, ordnance alteration reporting, ordnance alteration requirements, overhaul and repair

4) Техника: operational assessment and readiness, operational availability and reliability, optical angle readout

5) Железнодорожный термин: Old Augusta Railroad Company

6) Юридический термин: Oregon Administrative Rule (s)

7) Бухгалтерия: overhead absorption rate, ставка поглощения накладных расходов (overhead absorption rate)

8) Оптика: off-axis rejection, open area ratio

9) Сокращение: Office of Aerospace Research (USAF), Office of Research Analysis, Open Air Range, Operational Analysis & Research

10) Физиология: Offal And Regurgitation

11) Нефть: эксплуатационная готовность и надёжность (operational availability and reliability)

12) Специальный термин: Album Oriented Rock (формат американских FM радиостанций с преобладанием не попавших в хит-парады малоизвестных альбомных песен, в основном, известных исполнителей)

13) Фирменный знак: Oxford Applied Research

14) Нефтегазовая техника Occupational Air Requirement

15) Медицинская техника: organ at risk

16) Макаров: operation address register

17) Общественная организация: Organization for Autism Research

18) AMEX. Ohio Art Company

1) Компьютерная техника: Original Aspect Ratio

2) Американизм: Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research

3) Военный термин: Of A Revolution, Office of Analysis and Review, Operation Air Raid, Organized Air Reserve, operations analysis report, ordnance allowance report, ordnance alteration reporting, ordnance alteration requirements, overhaul and repair

4) Техника: operational assessment and readiness, operational availability and reliability, optical angle readout

5) Железнодорожный термин: Old Augusta Railroad Company

6) Юридический термин: Oregon Administrative Rule (s)

7) Бухгалтерия: overhead absorption rate, ставка поглощения накладных расходов (overhead absorption rate)

8) Оптика: off-axis rejection, open area ratio

9) Сокращение: Office of Aerospace Research (USAF), Office of Research Analysis, Open Air Range, Operational Analysis & Research

10) Физиология: Offal And Regurgitation

11) Нефть: эксплуатационная готовность и надёжность (operational availability and reliability)

12) Специальный термин: Album Oriented Rock (формат американских FM радиостанций с преобладанием не попавших в хит-парады малоизвестных альбомных песен, в основном, известных исполнителей)

13) Фирменный знак: Oxford Applied Research

14) Нефтегазовая техника Occupational Air Requirement

15) Медицинская техника: organ at risk

16) Макаров: operation address register

17) Общественная организация: Organization for Autism Research

18) AMEX. Ohio Art Company

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

[br]

[br]

Laithwaite's education at Kirkham Grammar School and Regent Street Polytechnic, London, was followed by service in the Royal Air Force. After entering Manchester University in 1946 and graduating in 1949, he joined the university staff and became Secretary to the Inaugural Conference of the Ferranti Mark I computer. In 1964 he moved to Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, and became Professor of Heavy Electrical Engineering. From 1967 to 1976 he also held the post of External Professor of Applied Electricity at the Royal Institution. Research into the use of linear induction motors as shuttle drives in weaving looms was followed by investigations into their application to conveyors in industrial processes and as high-speed propulsion units for railway vehicles. With considerable involvement in a tracked hovercraft project in the 1960s and 1970s, he proposed the concept of transverse flux and the magnetic river high-speed linear induction machine. Linear motors and electromagnetic levitation have been applied to high-speed propulsion in the United States, France and Japan.

Laithwaite has written five books and over one hundred papers on the subjects of linear motors and electromagnetic levitation. Two series of Christmas lectures were presented by him at the Royal Institution.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity

[br]

[br]

[br]

Crookes entered the Royal College of Chemistry at the age of 15, and from 1850 to 1854 held the appointment of Assistant at the college. In 1854 he became Superintendent of the Meteorological Department at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford. He moved to a post at the College of Science in Chester the following year. Soon after this he inherited a large fortune and set up his own private laboratory in London. There he studied the nature of electrical discharges in gases at low pressure and discovered the dark space (later named after him) that surrounds the negative electrode, or cathode. He also established that the rays produced in the process (subsequently shown by J.J.Thompson to be a stream of electrons) not only travelled in straight lines, but were also capable of producing heat and/or light upon impact with suitable anode materials. Using a variety of new methods to investigate these "cathode" rays, he applied them to the spectral analysis of compounds of selenium and, as a result, in 1861 he discovered the element thallium, finally establishing its atomic weight in 1873. Following his discovery of thallium, he became involved in two main lines of research: the properties of rarified gases, and the investigation of the elements of the "rare earths". It was also during these experiments that he discovered the principle of the Crookes radiometer, a device in which light is converted into rotational motion and which used to be found frequently in the shop windows of English opticians. Also among the fruits of this work were the Crookes tubes and the development of spectacle lenses with differential ranges of radiational absorption. In the 1870s he became interested in spiritualism and acquired a reputation for his studies of psychic phenomena, but at the turn of the century he returned to traditional scientific investigations. In 1892 he wrote about the possibility of wireless telegraphy. His work in the field of radioactivity led to the invention of the spinthariscope, an early type of detector of alpha particles. In 1900 he undertook investigations into uranium which led to the study of scintillation, an important tool in the study of radioactivity.

While the theoretical basis of his work has not stood the test of time, his material discoveries, observations and investigations of new facts formed a basis on which others such as J.J. Thomson were to develop subatomic theory. His later involvement in the investigation of spiritualism led to much criticism, but could be justified on the basis of a belief in the duty to investigate all phenomena.

[br]

KF / MG

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Electricity

[br]

[br]

[br]

Maxwell attended school at the Edinburgh Academy and at the age of 16 went on to study at Edinburgh University. In 1850 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated four years later as Second Wrangler with the award of the Smith's Prize. Two years later he was appointed Professor at Marischal College, Aberdeen, where he married the Principal's daughter. In 1860 he moved to King's College London, but on the death of his father five years later, Maxwell returned to the family home in Scotland, where he continued his researches as far as the life of a gentleman farmer allowed. This rural existence was interrupted in 1874 when he was persuaded to accept the chair of Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge. Unfortunately, in 1879 he contracted the cancer that brought his brilliant career to an untimely end. While at Cambridge, Maxwell founded the Cavendish Laboratory for research in physics. A succession of distinguished physicists headed the laboratory, making it one of the world's great centres for notable discoveries in physics.

During the mid-1850s, Maxwell worked towards a theory to explain electrical and magnetic phenomena in mathematical terms, culminating in 1864 with the formulation of the fundamental equations of electromagnetism (Maxwell's equations). These equations also described the propagation of light, for he had shown that light consists of transverse electromagnetic waves in a hypothetical medium, the "ether". This great synthesis of theories uniting a wide range of phenomena is worthy to set beside those of Sir Isaac Newton and Einstein. Like all such syntheses, it led on to further discoveries. Maxwell himself had suggested that light represented only a small part of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves, and in 1888 Hertz confirmed the discovery of another small part of the spectrum, radio waves, with momentous implications for the development of telecommunication technology. Maxwell contributed to the kinetic theory of gases, which by then were viewed as consisting of a mass of randomly moving molecules colliding with each other and with the walls of the containing vessel. From 1869 Maxwell applied statistical methods to describe the molecular motion in mathematical terms. This led to a greater understanding of the behaviour of gases, with important consequences for the chemical industry.

Of more direct technological application was Maxwell's work on colour vision, begun in 1849, showing that all colours could be derived from the three primary colours, red, yellow and blue. This enabled him in 1861 to produce the first colour photograph, of a tartan. Maxwell's discoveries about colour vision were quickly taken up and led to the development of colour printing and photography.

[br]